Analysis Of Emily Dickinson s Poem There s A Certain...

A poem’s structure can either make or break it. Emily Dickinson skillfully incorporates a variety of different methods in her works to enhance their meanings. At first glance her poetry can seem confusing, but simply analyzing at how she structures her poems can give great insight to what she means. Looking at whether each line of the poem ends without punctuation, also known as enjambment can reveal a great deal about a poem. The use of enjambment and end-stops control the flow of the poem. Along with em-dashes, one of Dickinson’s specialties, these techniques allow for an even deeper interpretation of her poetry. She uses dashes to connect words and phrases, that seemingly have no relation, together. In Dickinson’s poem â€Å"There’s a certain Slant of light,† these devices significantly add to meaning behind the writing. Emily Dickinson’s masterful use of enjambment, dashes and end-stops immensely add to the meaning of the slant of light, the main topic of the poem. The first stanza introduces the main topic of the poem, the winter slant of light: There’s a certain Slant of light, Winter Afternoons— That oppresses, like the Heft Of Cathedral Tunes – Upon first glance the reader may admire the winter light. However, it becomes increasingly clear as the poem progresses that there a more sinister meaning may lie behind it. â€Å"There’s a certain Slant of light†, not only refers to the specific type of light on these winter afternoons, but â€Å"certain† also refers to that the lightShow MoreRelatedEmily Dickinson : The Point When A Reader1749 Words   |  7 PagesHorieh Introduction to Literature Professor Knoernschild November 27, 2015 Emily Dickinson At the point when a reader hears the name Emily Dickinson, they consider a female who composed verse that has been surely understood for a considerable length of time and years. Much to their dismay that Emily Dickinson established American Literature, and began an entire unrest of verse. The procedure Dickinson used to keep in touch with her verse was at no other time seen and was the foundationRead MoreEmily Dickinson’s Themes, Language, and Technique Essay1886 Words   |  8 PagesWhen a reader hears the name Emily Dickinson, they think about a female who wrote poetry that has been well known for years and years. Little do they know that Emily Dickinson founded American Literature, and started a whole revolution of poetry. The technique Dickinson used to write her poetry was never before seen and was the cornerstone of her writings. Major themes, Figurative Language, and Literary Technique used by Emily Dickinson were all of her characteristics of her towering achievementR ead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesYour first reason, let’s say, is that you discounted Emilios remark that if the stream were poisonous then everything in it would look dead. Deadly things can be alive and look healthy. You mention salmonella on delicious turkey burgers. You are certain that there are microbes that harm humans but do not harm plants and fish; you mention to Juanita and Emilio that crabgrass and catfish do not catch cholera. Your second reason comes from reconsidering that sign at the ranger station. If nothing

Details of Best Research Paper Writer

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Common Rail Direct Injection free essay sample

Direct injection means injecting the fuel directly into the cylinder instead of premixing it with air in separate intake ports. That allows for controlling combustion and emissions more precisely, but demands advanced engine management technologies. Unlike petrol engines, diesel engines don’t need ignition system. Due to the inherent property of diesel, combustion will be automatically effective under a certain pressure and temperature combination during the compression phase of Otto cycle. Normally this requires a high compression ratio around 22 : 1 for normally aspirated engines.A strong thus heavy block and head is required to cope with the pressure. Therefore diesel engines are always much heavier than petrol equivalent. The lack of ignition system simplifies repair and maintenance, the absence of throttle also help. The output of a diesel engine is controlled simply by the amount of fuel injected. This makes the injection system very decisive to fuel economy. Even without direct injection, diesel inherently delivers superior fuel economy because of leaner mixture of fuel and air. We will write a custom essay sample on Common Rail Direct Injection or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unlike petrol, it can combust under very lean mixture.This inevitably reduces power output but under light load or partial load where power is not much an important consideration, its superior fuel economy shines. Another explanation for the inferior power output is the extra high compression ratio. On one hand the high pressure and the heavy pistons prevent it from revving as high as petrol engine (most diesel engine deliver peak power at lower than 4500 rpm. ), on the other hand the long stroke dimension required by high compression ratio favors torque instead of power. This is why diesel engines always low on power but strong on torque.To solve this problem, diesel makers prefer to add turbocharger. It is a device to input extra air into the cylinder while intake to boost up the power output of the engine. Turbocharger’s top end power suits the torque curve of diesel very much, unlike petrol. Therefore turbocharged diesel engines output similar power to a petrol engine with similar capacity, while delivering superior low end torque and fuel economy.

The Top Athletes Looking for an Edge and the Scien Essays - Sports

The Top Athletes Looking for an Edge and the Scientists Trying to Catch Them. Behind the scenes there will be a high-tech, high-stakes competition between Olympic athletes who use banned substances and drug testers out to catch them ByChristie Aschwanden Smithsonian Magazine | Subscribe July 2012 D eeDee Trotter was on an airplane in 2006 when she overheard a passenger seated behind her discussing the steroids scandal. Federal investigators in the Balco case, named for a lab that produced supplements, would eventually implicate more than two dozen athletes for the use of performance-enhancing drugs, including Barry Bonds, baseball's home run king, and Marion Jones, the track-and-field star, who would end up in jail, stripped of five Olympic medals. "This guy was reading the newspaper and he said, Oh, they're all on drugs,'" recalls Trotter, a runner who won a gold medal in the 4 x 400 meter relay at the 2004 Olympics. She was furious. "I turned around and said, Heyexcuse me, I'm sorry, but that's not true. I'm a professional athlete and Olympic gold medalist, and I'm not on drugs. I've never even considered it. ' " Currently vying to join the U.S. team and appear in her third Olympics, Trotter projects a sassy confidence. "It really upset me that it's perceived that waythat if she runs fast, then she's on drugs. I hated that and I gave him a little attitude." That airplane conversation prompted Trotter to create a foundation called Test Me, I'm Clean! "It gave us clean athletes a chance to defend ourselves," says Trotter. "If you see someone wearing this wristband"she holds up a rubbery white bracelet emblazoned with the group's name " it means that I am a clean athlete. I do this with hard work, honesty and honor. I don't take any outside substances." As Trotter tells me this story, I catch myself wondering if it's all just a bunch of pre-emptive PR. It pains me to react this way, but with doping scandals plaguing the past three Summer Olympics and nearly every disgraced athlete insisting, at least initially, that he or she is innocent, it's hard to take such protestations at face value. My most profound disillusionment came from a one-time friend, Tyler Hamilton, my teammate on the University of Colorado cycling team. When he won a gold medal in the time trial at the 2004 Olympics, I was thrilled to see someone I'd admired as honest and hardworking reach the top of a sport that had been plagued by doping scandals. But in the days that followed, a new test implicated Hamilton for blood doping. His supporters began hawking "I Believe Tyler" T-shirts, and he took donations from fans to fund his defense. The evidence against him seemed indisputable, but the Tyler I knew in college was not a cheat or liar. So I asked him straight-out if he was guilty. He looked me in the eye and told me he didn't do it. Last year, after being subpoenaed by federal investigators, Hamilton finally confessed and returned his medal. The downfall of Olympic heroes has cast a cloud of suspicion over sports. And the dopers' victims aren't just the rivals from whom they stole their golden podium moments but every clean athlete whose performance is greeted with skepticism. Doping, or using a substance to enhance performance, is nothing new. Contrary to romantic notions about the purity of Olympic sports, ancient Greeks ingested special drinks and potions to give them an edge, and at the 1904 Games, athletes downed potent mixtures of cocaine, heroin and strych - nine. For most of Olympic history, using drugs wasn't considered cheating. Then, in the 1960 Olympics, Danish cyclist Knut Jensen passed out during a race, cracked his skull and later died. The coroner blamed the death on amphetamines, and the case led to anti-doping rules. Drug testing began with the 1968 Games, with a goal to protect athlete health. In addition to short-term damage, certain drugs also appear to increase the risk of heart disease and possibly cancer. The original intent of anti-doping rules was to prevent athletes from dropping dead of overdoses, but over the years the rules have come to focus just as intently on

Free Essays on THE AENEID-Choices

Choices Life is full of difficult choices. There is no getting around it. One must â€Å"suck it up† and â€Å"deal with it† because it is a part of life that will never change. These choices range from what clothes to wear in the morning to the person one is going to marry. Choices effect every part of everyday life. Some even effect years to come. So many times people believe that choices and their outcomes are all coincidence. Begging to differ, many times, choices are given to us to be made by God. Aeneas faced many adversities and had to make many choices throughout his lifetime and especially in his adulthood. The decisions Aeneas made were decisions that not many people would want to ever have to. For example, when Troy was first being attacked and Aeneas had to decide whether he was going to run and live to fight for his country or die trying to defend it when there was no hope. Even in a time of immense pressures, Aeneas made the choice to run, not as a coward, but as a man of hope and determination. This choice may have resulted in many losses of life and of faith, but in the end there was nothing but victory. Another instance of being faced with a choice to make was when Mercury was sent by Jupiter to give a message to Aeneas concerning his future. The choice was clear, he would either stay with his love, Dido, or he would follow the plan of the gods and head towards Italy. His heart was Dido’s and to take it back was the last thing he wanted to do. Aeneas had to choose between a relationship that had been consummated as would have been a marriage or the well being of his people. These people trusted Aeneas, and he knew that their lives were in his hands. When it came down to it, something had to be sacrificed and Aeneas knew what that sacrifice had to be. Even though Dido had difficulty understanding and never accepted the will of the gods as a reason, in the end all was well. Dido did take her own life, but in th... Free Essays on THE AENEID-Choices Free Essays on THE AENEID-Choices Choices Life is full of difficult choices. There is no getting around it. One must â€Å"suck it up† and â€Å"deal with it† because it is a part of life that will never change. These choices range from what clothes to wear in the morning to the person one is going to marry. Choices effect every part of everyday life. Some even effect years to come. So many times people believe that choices and their outcomes are all coincidence. Begging to differ, many times, choices are given to us to be made by God. Aeneas faced many adversities and had to make many choices throughout his lifetime and especially in his adulthood. The decisions Aeneas made were decisions that not many people would want to ever have to. For example, when Troy was first being attacked and Aeneas had to decide whether he was going to run and live to fight for his country or die trying to defend it when there was no hope. Even in a time of immense pressures, Aeneas made the choice to run, not as a coward, but as a man of hope and determination. This choice may have resulted in many losses of life and of faith, but in the end there was nothing but victory. Another instance of being faced with a choice to make was when Mercury was sent by Jupiter to give a message to Aeneas concerning his future. The choice was clear, he would either stay with his love, Dido, or he would follow the plan of the gods and head towards Italy. His heart was Dido’s and to take it back was the last thing he wanted to do. Aeneas had to choose between a relationship that had been consummated as would have been a marriage or the well being of his people. These people trusted Aeneas, and he knew that their lives were in his hands. When it came down to it, something had to be sacrificed and Aeneas knew what that sacrifice had to be. Even though Dido had difficulty understanding and never accepted the will of the gods as a reason, in the end all was well. Dido did take her own life, but in th...

Who Are Ghostwriters for Hire and Why Do You Need to Know That

Who Are Ghostwriters for Hire and Why Do You Need to Know That Who Are Ghostwriters for Hire and Why Do You Need to Know That? Ghostwriters for hire are professional writers who are there to help customers write something on their behalf. The way ghostwriting works is that the writer who is hired mirrors or mimics the writing style or voice of the client. This is usually done when a client sends over recordings of themselves speaking, interviews they gave, or papers they have published. Then the ghostwriter reviews all of that and produces a new report, essay, book, or any other form of writing as though they were the client. They write the content from the perspective of the client, in the voice of the client, and then the client publishes it as though they wrote it. The ghostwriters do not get any credit for the work they do. This type of service can be used by people who are pressed for time, unable or unwilling to write something themselves, or who lack the confidence to really write from the heart. That being said, ghostwriters can be hired by college students too for many tasks. They can: Work as Essay Writers too In fact, many writers have the flexibility and professionalism to help you write a great essay in your voice, because of the fact that ghostwriting uses the same skills. Write the Text for Your Future/Current Website When you start a website, whether for school or work purposes, you can turn to a ghostwriter to create all of the content you want to publish on the site and then you can credit it to yourself. Create White Papers for Your Future Company If you plan to start a company right out of school you can turn to a ghostwriter to craft a white paper for your future company, a business plan, or a marketing plan. Write an eBook for You on Any Topic You Want Ghostwriters can write an ebook on any topic students want, which means you can ask for a ghostwriter to give you an ebook covering creative writing, different citation methods, or research skills and then turn to that guide in the future. If there is something in your class with which you struggle, having a ghostwriter produce a short ebook on the subject will give you the background information you need. You might even be able to get a ghostwriter to produce an ebook on a topic you are going to write about for an upcoming essay, and then use the sources included in that ebook as a part of your research. Overall, ghostwriters are a great resource because of their natural ability to assume the voice and tone of someone else. They can do all of the research necessary to become familiar with someone’s way of speaking, their sentence structure, and how they often present ideas so that the finished product sounds just like something the client wrote. This is, again, perfect for students to keep as a resource both in school and beyond graduation.

Implications of the 2012 US elections for the policy making bodies in Essay

Implications of the 2012 US elections for the policy making bodies in the US federal government - Essay Example Furthermore, the analysis will seek to at least minimally explain to what extent the election results have impressed upon the shareholders (inclusive of the President and legislators) of the need to either seek compromise or push single-mindedly towards a highly partisan solution to each and every issue that may face them in the coming years leading up to the next election. As a means to understand this, the key changes that have been effected before and after the November 2012 election will be analyzed. Due to the intrinsically liked nature of the way that the Electoral College and the popular vote within a given state or region is linked, the two have a way of tracking with one another; albeit representing two somewhat different variants (Brown 419). For instance, the 2012 presidential election saw Mr. Romney accrue around 47% of the popular vote and carry 23 states whereas President Obama obtained 51% of the vote and carried 27 states. This of course translated to a victory for Pr esident Obama and the subsequent plurality of Electoral College votes that propelled him to re-election. Naturally, as compared to the two other forms of election results which will herein be discussed, the election for president does not have the same level of nuance. For instance, the overall total number of states won is not important; overall victory of course is. Unlike the Senate or the House of Representatives where an increasing number of seats gives another party a proportionate increase in the power it yields within such a chamber, the victory of the president is less nuanced. In this way, the overall nature of whether the president won in a landslide or won election by a very small margin matters little for the direction that the given president might chose to pursue policy goals and implementation within his term. Of course this is not to say that a first term president will not be mindful of the extent to which he experiences broad based support; quite the contrary. Rat her, it is merely meant to serve as an indication that the presidential election is a much different type of election than those which take place to make up the two houses of legislature. With respect to the Senate, a great deal of change was not incorporated as a result of the election results of 2012. For instance, the 2012 elections incrementally bettered the Democratic position in the Senate by increasing their majority by two seats (53 as compared to 51 previously), it did not provide a fundamental shift in power such as would allow either party to approach issues from a primarily different method of action. Conversely, the result of the US House of Representatives was somewhat different than the result that has thus far been discussed in the Senate. Compared to the last election, the Republicans lost 8 seats to settle at 234 whereas the Democrats of course picked up these 8 seats to settle their total at 201. This of course combined to ensure that the Republican party still ma intained a majority within the House; however, it is of course not a super majority or one that can be used in concert with the Democratically controlled Senate to affect any real level of partisan goals. With respect to the overall policy implications that the aforementioned situation is likely to entail, it will necessarily be a divergence from

American Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Economics - Essay Example It was easily understandable that the situation had worsened far beyond immediate recovery. During this time, the concept of 'free market' prevailed. This idea suggested that the market would effectively balance itself the business could run smoothly without any government intervention. With this belief the government of President Hoover did not take any action believing the market would attain balance soon by itself and prosperity would return. It was assumed that once public regained confidence, business would begin and economy restored; but the business would not resume as there was surplus in the market that was unsold. Later, the government attempted to minimize state spending and increase taxes which in turn reduced the liquid money from market and worsened the situation. Attempts were made later to make this loss good by providing loans to banks in order to pump in money in market by offering relief work, providing loans to industries and expanding public works. No assistance in terms federal help was not provided and the government promoted 'self help' groups to promote self reliance. Decline in world trade and imports reduced because of an increase in import tariff. As an effect, exports also reduced considerably further weakening the state economy. With the onset of President Franklin Roosevelt's government, the

The History of England to 1689 by Clayton Roberts Essay Example for Free

The History of England to 1689 by Clayton Roberts Essay For many years, historians have argued among themselves on how history ought to be seen and studied. There is a lot who consider that the fact concerning history is that history does not narrate accurately. There are also those who disagree to such a view- including Clayton Roberts, the author of â€Å"The History of England. † Clayton Roberts published his writings at the time wherein the prevailing thought was that history is â€Å"nothing but a reenactment of past thoughts in a historian’s mind† (Collingwood 282). His works rather stood out because in these, not only does he boldly assert that history tells truth, but even explains past events causally (qtd. In PSU Press 1). His belief was that, historical exploration is not hopelessly immanent, not irremediably comparative and that every man is not his own historian. The objectivity of history lies in the fact that historians widely agree upon the validity of these canons of evidence and rules of logic† (Roberts x-xi). For Roberts then, history is not merely a description of a sequence of events; rather these events are causally linked together in an orderly fashion, as if following a certain rule or law (George and Bennett 225). Such a view of history of his is very much evident in his work, â€Å"The History of England†. The manner by which he had arranged and discussed Britain’s experiences, the type of language he had used, and his overall writing style conveyed his theory on the effective way of proceeding to a historical inquiry into a subject matter, such as Britain’s history. Well-regarded as one of the more trusted resource materials for students or just about anyone who wished to get a general education of Britain, this author concurs that Robert’s approach does provide for a better understanding and appreciation of history. Theme As earlier discussed, Roberts held that events in history are not just a series of events that happen without any cause or reason. These are linked together in a cohesive manner and understanding how these are inextricably related to one another provides for a thorough discussion of history. This can be visibly seen in his book. In â€Å"The History of England,† he discusses different parts of the country’s history providing for smooth transitions in between to show that each and every event that happened has led to the later occurrences. Before he put in the part detailing the Protestant-Catholic religion, a section showing the growth of Protestantism preceded such, Catholicism still being regarded the primary religion at that time, to provide for the explanation of the impending colloquy between camps from the two aforementioned religions. He always answered the questions, â€Å"how† and â€Å"why† in every significant incident that he explained in his book. In Chapter Two of the book for example, he vividly describes the demise of the Roman rule. The subsequent chapter then goes on to discuss the conquest of Britain and the conversion of the people to Christianity- all resultant of the fall of the Roman Empire. Roberts also spoke of the wars in the 1300s and the 1500s and the significant events therein. But prior to discussing those hard times, he explained the systems of government and provided a descriptive account of the type of life that the people had, as well as the tensions and minor instances wherein people displayed their dissent with regard to those types of systems that governed them and their dissatisfaction with their current state of lives. The showing all these conflicts existing before tackling the waging of full-on wars provided the necessary â€Å"build-up† for readers to understand the true nature of wars- that they are not merely caused by an isolated event, but a combination of political and social factors that converge at a time, that which cannot be contained anymore or settled amicably. The manner by which Roberts organized the events in Britain’s history and the major themes he assigned them under also show his absolute subscription to the theory that events in history are invariably associated under a common factor or rule. In the Chapter of the Elizabethan Rule for example, he not only relays the events that happened under the woman monarch’s rule simply because these happened at the time she sat on the throne, he specifically included the events that he discussed under the said topic: Queen Elizabeth and her relationship with the Church and Scotland, the War against Spain, the Queen and the Government of England- all to characterize and capture what was meant by the Elizabethan rule and its long-term effects to the events thereafter, moreover, the existing English culture as a whole. Finally, the author used a variety of primary and secondary resources that were up-to-date, appropriate and adequate in the discussion of the topics he had set to give the reader a wide view of Britain’s social, economic, cultural, intellectual and political history from as early as the Paleolithic stage to 1714. One must take note that although he stressed dominant themes in every Chapter, he never espoused any single interpretation to such, and even provided suggested ‘Further Reading’ lists at the end of each chapter. Such is still keeping in line with his belief of the possibility of objectivity in history because he never asserted his account or interpretation to events that transpired as the gospel truth. The abovementioned situations are just some of the specific examples that show Robert’s consistency in maintaining his thesis that there is indeed a causal link between the various events that transpired in history. Though he has always been careful to note that in terms of major events, these causal links are not as pronounced as in the minor events, there is a relationship between them nonetheless, a lesson that people must not forget in studying history. Critique Robert’s â€Å"The History of England,† though lengthy and descriptive, is easy to read. Therein, it becomes clear that the author’s primary intention in using descriptive but simple language is to make his work easy accessible to people coming from different parts of the academe from the few highly specialized scholars to the broad popular audience who said that it is not surprising that this book is being used by a lot of students and professors who wish to get a general view of England’s history. Overall, Robert’s work is well-written and organized, primarily thanks to Robert’s painstaking attention to showing the links between the events that transpire in history. Not only has it taught me to scrutinize historical data from his work, but writings by other authors as well. To be quite honest, as a student of history who has read numerous history books by different authors who possess different styles in writing, I appreciate history more when my attention is focused in knowing and understanding why and how an event in history happened in a certain manner, rather than memorizing a multitude of names of famous people or significant dates in history. Robert’s style which was mindful of the relationships between events in time changed my perspective on studying history and has made doing so easier and more enjoyable. History for me became more than just a field of study wherein memorization of events, dates and names of people were of primary importance- that which was difficult for me to do. Now, not only do I find history more fascinating, I am also able to retain factual data with less time and effort than before. Studying the significance of knowing the relationships between the events, which Roberts espouses, has greatly contributed to such.

Aylmers Struggle for Perfection in Nathaniel Hawthomes, The Birthmark

Aylmer's Struggle for Perfection in Nathaniel Hawthome's, The Birthmark Aylmer's struggle for scientific perfection transcends human possibility in Nathaniel Hawthome's "The Birthmark." He attempts to perfect that which nature rendered imperfect. When the quest for human achievement opposes divine design it has no chance of succeeding. This key element in Aylmer's twisted love leads to the demise of what he seeks so desperately to perfect, his beautiful wife. Georgianna's "fatal flaw of humanity" (Hawthorne 167), the birthmark, blocks her from perfection in his eyes, and thus blemishes Aylmer's prideful ideals. Her alleged inferiority to science leads to her death and Aylmer's complete failure as both a scientist and a spouse. From the beginning of "The Birthmark, " Hawthorne describes Aylmer as a man with some degree of physical finery that alludes to perfection "... cleared his fine countenance ... " (164). He is described as a man with a passionate and ardent interest in science; in fact, he devotes almost his entire life in this pursuit. "He had devoted himself... too unreservedly to scientific studies ever to be weaned from them..." (165). This scientific background shows that Aylmer's love for Georgianna is his "second passion" (165). Georgianna comes second in his pursuit of happiness whereas science could be called his first love. He becomes obsessed with the idea of changing his beloved to suit his fancy. Georgianna possesses a mark upon her cheek, hardly a cause for concern to the average human. The mark is "deeply interwoven ... with the texture and substance of her face" (165). The minuscule mark is crimson and in the peculiar shape of a tiny hand. It changes with Georgianna's moods. When she is rosy che... ...horne Question. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1963. Brooks, Cleanth and Robert Penn Warren. "Interpretation of the Birthmark." Donohue 185-188. Fogle, Richard Harter. Hawthorne's Fiction: The Light and the Dark. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964. Heileman, P, B. "Hawthorne's The Birthmark: Science as Religion." Donohue 180-195. Rucker, Mary E. "Science and Art in Hawthorne's 'The Birthmark', " Nineteenth Century Literature 41 (1987)- 445-61. Wagoner, Hyatt H. Hawthorne: A Critical Study. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1963. Weinstein, Cindy. "The Invisible Hand Made Visible: 'The Birthmark'." Nineteenth Century Literature.. 48 (1993), 44- 73. Zanger, Jules. " Speaking of the Unspeakable: Hawthorne's 'The Birthmark'. "Modern Philology: A Journal Devoted to Research Medieval and Modem Literature. 80 (1983): 364- 371.

Corruption in Mexico Essay

INTRODUCTION It is difficult to examine many of the problems currently going on in Mexico without the word â€Å"corruption† being thrown around. It is assumed that most government officials, judges, and police officers are on the take, either from each other, the public, or drug cartels. How has corruption become such an ingrained part of Mexican society, and why is it so difficult – if not impossible – to stamp out? HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In colonial times, the buying and selling of indulgences, of public offices and titles, military ranks trafficking, confiscation of goods, were daily practice. All these occur between wealthy families and of course, all people linked with the Spanish crown, Rulers, civilians and ecclesiastical always were trying to advantage complexities of bureaucratic structure to made large fortunes and got expensive properties. After independence, the system continued because bureaucrats needed some way to make up for the shortfalls in their incomes from small tax revenues. â€Å"In most cases there just wasn’t enough money to pay for the services people needed, so corruption developed as a means of raising revenue, although it has always been more than a way of financing government operations.† **In modern Mexico, this system attempts to ensure that services are rendered to certain people. As in colonial times, it also attempts to make up the shortfall in salaries. Mexican government officials say that corruption is almost a necessity in Mexico to maintain order and stability. It is seen as a way of life. As long as most people feel they are getting their share – even if it is through corrupt means – then it keeps the masses happy. Another angle of corruption in Mexico is the dreaded â€Å"silver or lead,† meant  as take the bribe or take the bullet. This is a form of corruption encouraged by fear, as opposed to social acceptance or economic survival. Many police officers in Mexico are corrupt because they or their families are physically threatened by drug trafficking organization (DTO) members. *IDENTIFY PROBLEM IN DETAIL 1 Bureaucrats needed some way to make up for the shortfalls in their incomes from small tax revenues. 2 Many police officers in Mexico are corrupt because they or their families are physically threatened by drug trafficking organization (DTO) members. Why it hasn’t been solved so far So how does the administration, which is so committed to cleansing Mexico of this endemic corruption, accomplish this goal? The sad fact is, it can’t. Mexico is up against roughly 500 years of history ingrained into his people. It also has two other major things working against it: the economy and an organized crime crisis. **If the average Mexican citizen could make a fair living by living fairly, then corruption wouldn’t be seen as necessary. While corruption exists in the United States (and every country, for that matter), it exists to a much smaller extent because public servants – for the most part – earn a fair salary with which they can make a living. The Mexican economy is the 12th largest in the world, but the country has an extremely high rate of underemployment, and most people do not earn what Americans would call fair salaries for their work. Unless economic conditions in Mexico improve, the economic challenge to eliminating corruption will remain. SOLUTIONS 1. Mexico needs to implement powerful institutional solutions that change the incentive equation for government officials. Specifically, it should create  a new, fully independent and well-funded anti-corruption commission to work closely with civil society to oversee, investigate and catch wrongdoing by public servants. 2. The education in Mexico is a very important point in the corruption problem, if we have an ethical and moral culture, we would have a honest and transparent country. 3. This is a work for all the Mexicans.

Confirming Alzehimer’s Disease

Running head: Confirming Alzheimer’s Disease Confirming Alzheimer’s Disease Carissa Davis Walden University Diagnosis and Assessments 6720 Confirming Alzheimer’s Disease The Forgetful Mail Carrier Han’s is a 66 year old retired government worker that has been dealing with issues related to his memory. Han’s retired at the age of 60 because he could no longer perform his duties at work properly. The problems with his work performance had been an issue for five years before his retirement. At the age of 62, he could not remember the way home while leading a hike in an area he was familiar with and knew well.Over time his memory problems have become more noticeable and he even has failed to recognize good friends. He has become more and more quiet, given up his hobbies and lost interest in the newspaper and television. His wife is not comfortable leaving him alone because of his memory issues (Butcher, Mineka, ;amp; Hooley, 2010). Confirm Diagnosis Dem entia of the Alzheimer Type is a diagnosis of exclusion, other causes for the cognitive deficits must be ruled out first (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).This diagnosis is normally given after all other potential causes are ruled out by medical and family history, along with a physical examination including laboratory test in some cases (Butcher, Mineka, ;amp; Hooley). Han’s has no sign of a medical condition that would be a factor in his memory failure. Han’s symptoms do not fit diagnostic criteria (C) for vascular dementia or other dementias due to other general medical conditions (APA). After the other possible diagnoses are ruled out then I must insure that Han meets the criteria for dementia of the Alzheimer type.Hans’ memory failures meet the criteria for A1. His inability to find his way home in an area that he has lived for 40 years meets the criteria for 2(d). The next criteria for this diagnoses requires that the cognitive deficits in A1 and A2 cause significant impairment in social or occupational functioning and represents a significant decline for a previous level functioning (APA, 2000). The fact that his memory failure required him to retire early shows a significant impairment in occupational functioning.Han not recognizing his close friends and giving up hobbies shows a significant impairment in social function. There are standardized published rating scales that can be used to measure the severity of impairment (APA, 2000). Criteria D requires cognitive deficits in A1 and A2 are not caused by other central nervous system conditions (1), systemic conditions that are known to cause dementia (2) or substance induced conditions (3). The information that I have would lead me to believe that this clients condition is not related one, two or three of criteria D.Criteria E requires that the deficits do not occur exclusively during the course of delirium, which they do not (APA). Criteria F requires the disturbance not to better accounted for by another disorder (APA). This is an area that I felt another disorder might need to be considered. The fact that Han has begun to speak less and less, given up his hobbies, has not interest in the newspaper or televisions could be cause to diagnosis him with Major Depressive Disorder due to Alzheimer’s with depressive features, 293. 83 (APA). This could be listed along with 294. 10 Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type with early onset.The early onset needs to be the specify subtype because is memory failure began before the age of 65. Counseling There is no treatment or cure for Alzheimer’s disease that will reverse the loss that this disease causes. The treatment that is used is to work the clients and their families to diminish agitiation and aggression in the patients. Also to help the family deal with the stress of caring for a family member who is suffering from this disease. As a counselor I would help this client reduce frustration and embarrassment that they might feel because of this disease.In this type of situation I would see my professional services helping the family of the client. Taking care of a loved one that is suffering from Alzheimer’s can be stressful and demanding. Helping caregives learn how to distress and cope the stress will benefit them along with the person they was caring for.References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). DSM-IV-TR. Arlington, VA: Author. Butcher, J. N. , Mineka, S. , ;amp; Hooley, J. M. (2010). Abnormal psychology (14th ed. ). Boston, MA: Allyn ;amp; Bacon.

Auburn GPA Calculator Essays

Auburn GPA Calculator Essays Auburn GPA Calculator Paper Auburn GPA Calculator Paper Auburn GPA calculator helps to count the average grade of a person trying to pick the higher educational institutions, which will enable them to get an education and built their future career. If you have decided to become a student if Auburn University, you will need to use Auburn University GPA calculator.   The Auburn University is one of the largest universities in the South of the USA. It occupies the place in the rating of 50 best American state universities. The proud of Auburn University is that students graduating from this higher educational institution become scientists and astronauts for NASA. The institution offers a variety of faculties. Here you can study the natural sciences, humanitarian sciences, and politics. Auburn University has developed a unique program that allows students to enter the first year and acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to continue their studies at the American University.   The University provides students with many options for self -expression and self-development. There are about 300 organizations and clubs established. Regular concerts, cultural events, festivals, art and photo exhibitions, sports competitions and much more are held. Traditionally, the university has its own sports team Auburn Tigers. Auburn University GPA calculator GPA calculator Auburn is an app that is usually used by all potential students of the institution. To estimate the chances to become a member of the University, one needs to count all the results and achievements of different subjects and single out the average grade. GPA is a compulsory requirement. The admission committee demands this number from every person having a desire to occupy the place at the University. As is often the case one needs to calculate the number by himself. To make the life of a potential student easier, on the official page of the Auburn University a program was developed that helps to calculate the GPA. Auburn University GPA Calculator is a handy instrument allowing users to plan their future. A user has a chance to evaluate his opportunities. It is possible to compare the â€Å"what if† GPA with the rating of the last year and single out whether there will be a chance to enter the higher educational institution of a dream. It is better to calculate the â€Å"what if† GPA before the entering campaign to be able to change the marks for the better until the end of studies. Cumulative GPA calculator Auburn Cumulative GPA calculator Auburn allows calculating the average point of the students immediately. To receive a result, one needs to enter the official Auburn University page and fill in the necessary fields. Your task is to insert the name, of course, credit hours and â€Å"what if† grades. The program will calculate your GPA within a second, and you will have the result to compare with the previous year numbers and rating. Try to make the calculations when you still have time to change the marks for the better. It concerns students, whose scores are average or lower than average. They have to make an effort and receive A’s and B’s to be able to correspond to the level of knowledge allowing to get the place at the University of their dream. Make sure to consult the admission committee and ask about all the requirements to be able to prepare for entering campaign thoroughly.

Themis the Goddess of Justice

Themis the Goddess of Justice Justice is blind. Themis, in Greek mythology, was the personification of divine or natural law, order, and justice. Her name means justice. She was worshipped as a goddess in Athens. Themis was also credited with wisdom and foresight or prophecy (her sons name, Prometheus, means foresight), and with knowing secrets unknown even to Zeus. She was also known as a protector of the oppressed and a protector of hospitality. Law and Order? The law and order which Themis protected was in the sense of natural order or law, what was proper especially related to family or the community. Such customs were perceived as natural in origin, though would today be seen as cultural or social constructs. In Greek, themis referred to divine or natural law, while nomoi to laws created by people and communities. Images of Themis: Themis was depicted as a beautiful woman, sometimes blind with a bandage over her eyes, and holding a pair of scales in one hand, a sword or cornucopia in the other. A similar image was used for the Roman goddess Iustitia (Justitia or Lady Justice). The images of Themis or Lady Justice blindfolded is more common by the 16th century C.E.; seen as gifted with prophecy, thered be no need for her to be blindfolded. Nemesis and Themis shared a temple at Rhamnous. The idea was that when Themis (divine or natural law) was ignored, then Nemesis would go into action, as the goddess of retribution against those who committed hubris (arrogance) in rejecting divine law and order. Parentage of Themis: Themis was one of the Titans, a daughter of Uranus (the heavens) and Gaia (the earth). Offspring of Themis: Themis was a consort or wife of Zeus after Metis. Their offspring were the Fates (Moirai or Moerae or Parcae) and the Hours (Horae) or Seasons. Some myths also identify as their offspring Astraea (another personification of justice), nymphs of the Eridanus River, and the Hesperides. By her Titan husband Iapetus, Themis was said to be the mother of Prometheus (foresight), and she gave him the knowledge that helped him to escape the punishment of Zeus. (In some myths, the mother of Prometheus was Clymene.) Dike, another goddess of justice, said to be one of the daughters of Themis, in early Greek depictions would carry out the decisions of the Fates, decisions which were above the influence even of the gods. Themis and Delphi Themis followed her mother Gaia in occupying the Oracle at Delphi. Some say that Themis originated the Oracle. Themis eventually turned over the Delphic office some say to her sister Phoebe, others say to Apollo. Themis and the First Humans In Ovids telling, Themis helped Deucalion and Pyrrha, the first human beings, learn how to re-populate the earth after the great worldwide flood. Apples of the Hesperides In the story of Perseus, Atlas refused to help Perseus because Themis had warned Atlas that Zeus would try to steal the golden apples of the Hesperides.

U.S. War on Terror and Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

U.S. War on Terror and Africa - Essay Example While some causes are internal, others are due to external factors that come as a result of the relationship between Africa and other countries in the world. Examples of major crises that have happened include genocide (e.g. Rwanda genocide of the 90s), rules of dictatorship and recently a string of terrorist attacks among others. The worst blood-letting in the period of the twentieth century happened during the colonial era in King Leopold’s Congo Free State (Leavitt and Nathan 14).The costs of these conflicts cannot be in doubt nor the need and urgency to solve them. This should happen rapidly if Africa is to navigate the current century more successfully than it did the previous century. The last century was marked by colonialism- related degradations and its debilitating legacies and post-colonial disruptions. This paper purposes to advance the understanding of African conflicts that result from terrorism, genocide, and other conflicts and how the United States has respond ed to the same. For over a decade, the United States has considered the Horn of Africa, as well as other parts as a significant zone in matters concerning terrorism. Major terrorist attacks that have occurred in Africa have been linked to other terror attacks in the United States (Ba 341). For example, in 1998 there was bombing of the United States Embassy in Kenya that caused a great number of casualties. Following the attacks that occurred on September 11th 2001 against the United States, the horn has been consistently scrutinised as a strategic focal point in United States War against terrorism. For instance, in May 2003, the government of Kenya admitted that a key member of the al-Qaeda group was plotting a major attack on Western targets, confirming al Gaea’s firm presence in the country. Djibouti’s importance to agents of terrorism is a result of its transit capabilities and events since 1999, may have increased Djibouti’s

Managment-- managing change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managment-- managing change - Essay Example The chosen company is a ship broking company that acts as the intermediate source between the ship owners and clients who want to transport their goods by means of ships. The clients present their requirement of the delivery time and the amount of dry commodities that are required to be transported. The sales executives of the chosen company browse through their database of ship owners whose service attributes and routes comply with the requirements of the client. The status of the shipment orders are tracked by the shipment tracking department until the orders reach their destinations. An interview was scheduled with the management executive who headed the technological change in the company. The analysis of the company’s transition towards technological infrastructure gave useful information about the strategies that are adopted in the real world. Journal papers, articles and organizational reports were also studied for the theoretical information about the respective topic. 2. Drivers of Change According to the information provided by the executive, the drivers of the change in the company can be categorized into two types; internal and external. 2.1 Internal Drivers The sales executives had to access the database of the ship owners whenever a shipment request was received from a client. It involved excessive traversals through the database and extensive calculations of several factors such as shortest route, cost effective route and rates of the routes. Such processing consumed lot of time of the sales executives, due to which they could not cater all the requests from the clients. Denial of service to clients often led to more business for the competitors. The calculation of the routes and costs was not always error-free since it involved manual processing. The shipment tracking department did not have a reliable system to track the status of the orders. Another aspect that led to the technological intervention in the company, involved the lack of a ny software application or tool to evaluate the performance of the company. The top management had to rely on the reports that were generated by the respective departments; these reports were manually made after the accumulation of figures for generated revenues, losses etc. The technological change had been a part of the company’s long term goals but never materialized since the top management was not totally committed to the cause. An organizational change cannot prove to be productive for the company if the support of the top management is not present (Joanne 2002). When the external, as well as internal factors accumulated, the top management decided to fully commit to the technological change in the company. 2.2 External Drivers Other companies in the ship broking industry had started to focus on the technological integration in their companies. The market positions of the competitors started improving since they were able to cater to more clients and earn more profits d ue to their organizational change. Clients of the modern times even prefer technological processes and operations since they are error free and fast-paced. External changes play a vital role in signaling the need for changes in the internal processes of the organization (Mackenzie n.d.). 3. Perspectives of Change Three systems were planned to be deployed in the organization. The relevance

Article Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article Report - Essay Example The sequential, evolutionary aspect of experiences over time attaches the notion of a "moving perspective" on careers. Thus, not only does it transcend organizational dynamics in the new economic, technological and social realms, but goes beyond systemic boundaries. As it is, therefore, a person’s career is a key life constituency evolving around work and time. Apart from the provision of income, work offers a sense of purpose, challenge and self-fulfillment. It is a source of interactive life challenges via social networking that often powers on creativity with a sense of identity as an end result. Quite simply, career is a life journey with either the choice of a beaten path or another to navigate (Baruch, 2004). Andolsen’s article entitled â€Å"Six Steps to Your Successful Career Path† is an informative career guide that engenders navigation principles of self-assessment, decision making and life planning towards a successful career path for RIM professionals . Notably, the multifaceted approach of the modern career training is pushing the employer to the periphery out of the mainstream control of employee-skills (Baruch, 2003). The circumstantial phenomenon leaves â€Å"expertise† as the most treasured and sought-after strategic resource by the employer (Bartlett & Ghoshal, 2002; Andolsen, 2008). With a background of â€Å"a dusty filing system†, the scarcity of the prized resource has informed a structured career path for RIM practitioners aimed at attaining relevance in an era of a digitized managerial control. In a bid to start off RIM practitioners towards the foregoing painstaking journey, Andolsen provides a useful six-step career planning framework fully fitted with self-evaluative mechanisms for a dynamic career prospects (Andolsen, 2008). Six Steps to a Successful Career Path Self-Assessment Career is essentially a vehicle for the realization of the self. More accurately, it is a vehicle through which the individu al begins a constructive conception of the self in the sense of the world (Adamson, 1997). It is no wonder, therefore, that the interrogation of the self begins Andolsen’s six-step career planning framework for the actualization of a successful career in the field of Records and Information Management (RIM) (Andolsen, 2008). Accordingly, understanding oneself entails a thorough dissection of the inner strengths and weaknesses, which includes but is not limited to personality and attitudes, skills and achievements, knowledge and learning style, values, interests and entrepreneurism. Essentially, this crucial step lays bare the physical, emotional, intellectual, motivational characteristics that define the individual and personality. Occupational Research The above mentioned traits have a direct relationship with an individual’s work competencies. It is, therefore, imperative for personal, career interests and skills profile to have a matching relationship with positions available in the job market (Andolsen, 2008). Notably, such positions surface and disappear with the trending economic and technological shifts. Thus, to prevent false starts, career seekers should remain realistic in their career pursuits by updating their jobs skills through a fast, hands-on approach to valuable information. From simple web search to job shadowing, aggressiveness may prove a valuable resource in investigating options available in line with the personal traits. Decision

Implementing and Adopting Innovation: Case Study of Skype

Implementing and Adopting Innovation: Case Study of Skype The present assignment focuses on a real business situation which involves the implementation and adoption of innovation. The case study is comprised of four primary parts which explore the process of innovation development, the promoters of innovation, the internal and external reaction within business resources and the likely strategic implications and business model for further development which can be proposed. In this respect, the assignment explores Skype as an example of business organisation which adopts innovation on a continuous basis and the various strategic implications to which this behaviour is associated. Skype is an information communication technology (ICT) which is one of the most popular products used by different consumer segments in the process of communicating over the Internet. This platform provides users with the opportunity to communicate and interact via a low cost channel. The companys growth is promoted by the continuous internationalisation and globalisation of markets. Moreover, not only continuous internationalisation influences the development of Skype, but Skype itself can be seen as a promoter of globalisation removal of market and country boundaries. In this context, Skype has grown through the continuous application of incremental innovation. The company has been adopting innovative applications and targeting different customer segments through the products and services provided. However, the present assignment would not only explore these strategy approaches to competitiveness but primarily focuses on the organisational and structural innovation of Skype. The report particularly focuses on the acquisition of Skype by E-bay and the organisation implication this has. Pay Pal as another integrative part of this acquisition is also presented and discussed. Innovation Characteristics Innovation management and development has grown as one of the most popular fields within social sciences. It has attracted the interest of scholars for many years. For example, Schumpeter (1950) who is the pioneer within the discipline proposes that innovation is the development of a novel solution which alters past perceptions. Schumpeter (1950) characterised the process of innovation development with the concept of creative destruction explaining that innovation restructures the way past patterns are perceived through the implementation of novelty (Hospers, 2005). However, it is essential to be outlined that innovation is not only characterised by its novel characteristics but by the commercial importance which it has (Tidd et al., 2005). In other words, an innovative solution is both new and applicable to the respective market. Apart from the above mentioned characteristics, it is also important to be outlined that innovation can be recognised in different forms and degrees. For example, innovation can be seen primarily as incremental and radical (Afuah, 2003). Incremental innovation occurs when little novel changes are applied within an organisation (Tidd et al., 2005). It is often that incremental innovation is practiced on a continuous basis and thus is known as a process of continuous improvement which has applications in companies as Toyota and their total quality management (TQM) core strategic values (Afuah, 2003; Bessan and Francis, 1999). Contrary to the incremental innovation, the radical one is characterised with profound changes within an enterprise (Francis and Bessant, 2005). Apart from the degree of innovativeness, it is also important to be outlined that business organisations can exploit different types of innovation. The academic literature mainly outlines two main types such as product and process innovation (Boer and During, 2001; Damapur and Evans, 1984). As it can be logically proposed based on the names, the product innovation mainly concerns the products and the process innovation is implemented within the business processes to promote efficiency and effectiveness (DiLiello and Houghton, 2008). However, apart from product and process innovation, organsiational innovation is also seen as another essential type. In this context, the present analysis is specifically focuses on organisational innovation in the case of E-Bays acquisition of Skype and how this affected to the mutual organisational innovativeness. The organsiational innovativeness is mutual as this acquisition has affected both parties in a unique way (Hof, 2005). However, it should be also underlined that as E-bay has adopted and largely promoted the payment platform Pay Pal therefore the implications which Pay Pal has on Skype should be also considered (Vitzthum and Konsynski, 2009). The organisational impact which this acquisition has on Skype is substantial. On the one hand, Skype has been having significant popularity in Europe and Asia but lacked high exposure in the large American market. In this respect, as E-bay is one of the leading e-commerce platforms n the US therefore Skype would be able to benefit for such co-operation. However, the innovative characteristics of this venture do not come from the increased market exposure but from the integration of three different business models: Skype, E-bay and Pay Pal. This can be identified as a clear example of Schumpeters creative destruction, when old and orthodox patterns are substituted by novel behaviour (Hospers, 2005; Schumpeter, 1950). Furthermore, the characteristics of this organisational innovation not only should be identified within the structural implications only but also in relation to internal business resources. For example, organisational innovation promotes the interaction between different groups of employees which as a return increases the creative capability of the enterprise due to continuous knowledge-sharing and idea generation (Tushman and OReilly, 1997). This is the reason why, through this acquisition, Skype not only does gain the opportunity to get popularised within different markets but also benefit from the exchange of insight. Human resource management and in particular the collaborative performance of employees is essential to the promotion of innovation (Dodgson and Rothw, 1994). In other words, organisational innovation can promote the development of other types of innovation, such as process and product innovation as part of the internal collaborative processes. Triggers and Promoters of the Innovation The triggers and promoters of innovation can be divided into internal and external ones. The internal triggers in the present case are the desire of E-bay and Skype to grow in greater capabilities and competitiveness within diverse markets. As it was already outlined Skype had good exposure in Europe and Asia but lacked the same success in United States (Vitzthum and Konsynski, 2009). On the contrary, Skype as a prominent e-commerce platform in the US lacked significant exposure to European and Asian consumers as opposite to the intensive revenue generation in North America (Amber, 2000). Furthermore, the third element in this partnership, Pay Pal at the time of the merger was still in the beginning of its growth and therefore this collaboration looked highly positive to Pay Pals increased business capabilities and market reach. Apart from the internal drive which is always a highly influential promoter of innovation and business competitiveness, the external environment can be suggested to be another substantial stimulus to this acquisition. For example, globalisation and the continuously intensified communication between international customers influence technological development and therefore information and communication technologies as Skype have substantial opportunity to grow. Furthermore, another important trigger to the organisation is the increased market competitiveness. The adoption of innovation is generally associated to both positive and negative external sources. As it is in the present case, these are the market opportunities which the acquisition provides and the industrial competitiveness and threats which may have negative impact on the performance of the organisations. The internal and external sources of innovation, however, should not be perceived as ultimately separate entities. For example, the internal strengths of a business contribute to the business ability to exploit external opportunities and overcome external threats. In this respect, the resource based view (RBV) theory can be used as an analogue, suggesting that a firms strength derives from its internal dynamics and this promotes business continuous competitiveness (Barney, 2001). In the present context, it can be proposed that the current case of organisational restructuring and innovation affects the increased resource capabilities of the business and thus promotes the ventures greater competitiveness. Reactions to the Adopted Innovation As Joseph Schumpeter suggests, innovation is a phenomenon which causes disruption and change (Hospers, 2006; Schumpeter, 1950). This is the reason why, innovation and all processes related to its adoption creates certain internal and external reaction. In the present case, the reactions of E-bays acquisition of Skype and integration of Pay Pal cannot be assessed entirely from internal perspective as the author of the present report cannot access this internal information. However, there are certain outcomes which can be clearly recognised in the academic literature which can be conceptually and theoretically integrated in the current analysis. One of the primary reactions which can be identified in the internal environment of a company when innovation is adopted is the rejection by employees to accept the proposed change (Hiatt and Creasey, 2003). This is especially common in the cases of organisational restructuring which is resulted by mergers and acquisitions (Fedor and Harold, 2004). Employees perceive this as a risk to their career and job stability. However, the present acquisition cannot be recognised with any major physical and structural transformations and therefore it may not have had such a substantial impact over employees. Another reaction which can be identified with such a horizontal diversification and organisational innovation is seen within the external context and in particular in customers and competitors (Cook, 2004). For example, customers become interested in the collaborative propositions which the brands are likely to provide. For example, Skype has been continuously innovating and applying some incremental innovations and improvements due to the wider market share the company is exposed to. This is the reason why, Skype has developed various video and communication application within its platform to fit the needs of multiple customer segments. This is true innovation, not only it needs to be novel but it also need to have commercial and market value (Damanpour, 1991). Strategic Characteristics The present case reveals an innovative organisational situation the acquisition of E-bay of Skype. This is an approach of horizontal diversification by E-bay which not only does have substantial impacts on E-bay but on Skype as well. This is an example of the interconnectivity of innovation it cannot be conducted in isolation and it has effect on multiple business aspects. For example, the organisational innovation resulted in Skypes producing a continuous incremental innovation, developing and introducing new applications to fit the needs of various segments. The platform introduced multiple video streaming which is highly applicable to ordinary users, families and business conferencing. This multiple application of innovation is exactly the purpose and value of the phenomenon. It is important to be underlined that innovation is a powerful source of competitiveness but it needs significant internal commitment. This is the reason why, leadership can be recognised as essential promoter of innovative behaviour. Leadership is the process which motivates and inspires organisational commitment. In the context of incremental innovation, employees need to be continuously committed to promote the innovative performance of the business. Leadership, however, should not be confused with management as these are different approaches to people management, development and co-ordination. Management can be explained as the process of executing business processes and operations in an efficient manner whereas leadership is the approach of doing the right things identifying solutions where no structure guidance exists. This is the reason why leadership is needed to stimulate employees commitment to innovation (Alves et al., 2007). People management and team work are essential to innovation development as this process stimulate idea generation and knowledge sharing between different individuals which is synthesised in the creation of a novel and meaningful solution. References Afuah. A. (2003) Innovation Management. (2nd ed.) Oxford: Oxford University Press. Alves, J., Marques, M., Saur, I. and Marques, P. (2007) Creativity and Innovation through Multidisciplinary and Multisectoral Cooperation, Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 27 34. Anon (2008) Change management and employee motivation: the balancing act [online]. Available from: http://www.articlesbase.com/recruitment-articles/change-management-and-employee-motivation-the-balancing-act-672944.html [Accessed: 04/05/11] Barney, J. (2001) Is the Resource-Based Theory a Useful Perspective for Strategic Management Research?.Yes., Journal of Management, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 99 120. Barney, J., Wright, M. and Ketchen Jr., D. (2001) The resource-based view of the firm: Ten years after 1991.,Journal of Management, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 625 641. Bennet, B (2009) Change management: Motivation [online]. Available from: http://billbennett.co.nz/2009/09/16/change-management-motivation/ [Accessed: 04/04/11] Bessant, J. (2003) High Involvement Innovation. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Bessant, J. and Francis, D. (1999) Developing strategic continuous improvement capability, International Journal of Operations Production Management. Vol. 19, No. 11, pp. 1106 1119. Boer, H. and During, W.E. (2001) Innovation. What innovation? A comparison between product, process and organisational innovation, International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 22, No. 1/2/3, pp. 83 -107. Cook, S. (2004), Change management excellence: using the four intelligences for successful organizational, Kogan Page Publishers. Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Y9BcWvY-0SMCprintsec=frontcoverdq=change+managementlr=#v=onepageq=f=false [Accessed: 04/03/11]. Dahlgaard, J. J., Kristensen, K. and Kanji, K. G. (1998) Fundamental of Total Quality Management. London: Chapman Hall. Damanpour, F. (1991) Organizational Innovation: A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Determinants and Moderators, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 555 590. Damanpour, F. and Gopalakrishnan, S. (2001) The Dynamics of the Adoption of Product and Process Innovations in Organizations, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 45 65. Dewar, D. R. and Dutton, E. J. (1986) The Adoption of Radical and Incremental Innovations: An Empirical Analysis, Management Science, Vol. 32, No. 11, pp. 1422 1433. Fedor and Harold (2004) Effects of Change and Change Management on Employee Responses: An Overview of results from multiple studies [online]. Available from: http://www.cpbis.gatech.edu/research/workin g_papers/CPBIS-WP-04-02%20Herold_Fedor_Change%20 Management%20Fall%202004.pdf [Accessed: 04/04/11] Francis, D. and Bessant, J. (2005) Targeting innovation and implications for development, Technovation, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 171 183. Hiatt, J and Creasey (2003) Change management: the people side of change, Prosci. Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id =zQTy8mk8kZYCprintsec=frontcoverdq=change+management#v=onepageq=f=false [Accessed: 04/04/11] Hof, R. (2005) Why ebay is buying Skype, Businessweek. Retrienved: 10/09, form: http://www.businessweek. com/the_thread/techbeat/archives/2005/09/why_ebay_is_buy.html. [Accessed: 05/04/11]. Hospers, J. G. (2005) Joseph Schumpeter and His Legacy in Innovation Studies, Knowledge, Technology Policy, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 20-37. Robinson, A. (1991) Continuous Improvement In Operations. Cambridge: Productivity Press. Schumpeter, J. (1950) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. (3rd ed.) New York: Harper Row. Leede, de J. and Looise, K. J. (2005) Innovation and HRM: Towards an Integrated Framework, Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 108 117. Tidd, J., Bessant. J. and Pavitt. K. (2005) Managing Innovation. (3rd ed.) Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Tushman, M. L. and OReilly, C. (1997) Winning through Innovation: A Practical Guide to Leading Organizational Change and Renewal. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Van de Ven, A. H., Polley. E. D., Graud. R. and Venkataraman. S. (1999) The innovation journey. New York: Oxford University Press. Vitzthum, S. and Konsynski, B. (2009) EBAYs Acquistion of Skype SA: Valuing the Voice of the Buyer, The Communications of the Association for Information Systems, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 89 104. Table of Contents References 9 Introduction to the Case study The present cases study focuses on Apple which is one of the leading and most innovative producers of technologies and entertainment devices. The company is continuously growing in size and is attracting greater market share. In this respect, the analysis focuses on the particular product and service innovation which are provided by the organisation to sustain continuous competitiveness. It is essential to be underlined that product and process innovation should not be perceived as separate entities (Afuah, 2003). It is often that business organisation incorporate both product and process innovation as interconnected elements of a mutual strategy of industrial competitiveness (Francis and Bessant, 2005). It should be also underlined that often, process innovation is stimulated as a natural outcome of product innovativeness, it appears as a logical and complementary derivative. It is also important to be mentioned that the present case study focuses on another essential element of the development and introduction of innovation, such as business leadership. It specifically focuses on the companys most prominent decision-maker and leader Steve Jobs, and analyses his approaches to business management and innovation leadership. Innovation Types and Characteristics As already revealed in the previous case study, innovation is a popular phenomenon which pioneer Joseph Schumpeter describes as the process of creative destruction. In other words, innovation is a novel solution which has commercialised applicability and significant market value (Hospers, 2005; Freeman and Soete, 1997; Kleinknecht and Mohnen, 2002). This definition clearly describes the innovation which is produced by Apple, one of the leading technological innovators. The company utilises a number of innovative products in its iPhone, iPad and iPod series of entertainment products. The innovative performance of the organisation can be recognised as highly distinctive. The company utilises and merges different types and degrees of innovativeness. The academic literature describes primarily two types of innovation such as, product and process innovation (Storey, 2000). However, often companies can utilise a mix of the two as it is in the case of Apple. The company has popular products as iPad, iPod and iPhone which are complemented by the innovative platform iTunes where users can download music and create playlists to play on their iPods. Moreover, there are hundreds if not thousands of applications which are created by Apple software developers which are downloaded and used on any of the iPad and iPhone devices. This is an example of how the company engages customers through a full life cycle they are provided with innovative products and service from the save brand which ensures long-term loyalty and re-purchase (Iacobucci and Calder, 2003; Kotler and Keller, 2008). The innovative management of products and services at Apple has been led by a management and leadership approach which can be identified with high level of confidentiality, secrecy and partial isolation. Contrary to the conceptual understanding in the academic literature that innovation is stimulate through continuous knowledge sharing and idea generation, Steve Jobs promoted an environment of micro-management and high level of internal control. However, this has led to paradoxical results Apple is continuously generating market share, profitability and above all customers loyalty (Daft et al., 2010). One of the explanations for this outcome can be related to the resource based view theory. Similarly to the previous case study on Skype and E-bay, Apple seems to be also taking advantage of the strength of its internal resources. The resource based view theory suggests that a companys success is derived from the uniqueness and competitiveness of its internal resources (Johnson and Scholes, 2008).This approach is closely related and relevant to the leadership and management initiatives practiced by Apples main decision-maker Steve Jobs. Jobs approaches to people management can be identified and strict but with high level of fairness. However, this leadership and management approach sustains certain risks as too much of micro-management and strictness may decrease employees creativity and innovative capabilities (Daft et al., 2010; Goleman, 1998). Employees are essential source to innovation development and therefore people management should stimulate an environment which promotes the expression of employees creativity and innovativeness, such as: team work; knowledge sharing; initiativeness; risk taking; company and market wide exposure (Rogers, 1995; Tushman and OReilly, 1997; Van de Ven et al., 1999). Innovation Promoters and Obstacles One of the primary promoters of Apples innovative capabilities is the significant strength of internal resources and capabilities. In other words, in order for a companys resources to be considered as contributory to the overall business competitiveness and innovativeness they need to be rare, unique and valuable not only to the particular organisation but to the market place (Barney, 2001). In this respect, the internal resources which are in possession of Apple perform in a highly competitive manner. In this context, one of the greatest promoters of the companys innovativeness is the leadership approach conducted by Jobs which focuses on growth of internal technological capacity and utilisation of internal employees skills. However, it should be underlined that this type of leadership and internal management can lead to certain problems in the company. On the one hand, the substantial commitment practiced by Jobs is a clear indicator of a strong leadership (Day, 2000; Gill, 2006). He is devoted to the wellbeing of the company and therefore he often practices micro-management. However, on the other hand, this micro-management approach can result in certain difficulties and obstacles to the production of innovation. This can reduce employees freedom to be creative and innovative, to take initiative and risks in their decision-making which are all important components in the process of innovation management and development (Daft et al., 2010; Slack et al., 2007; Tidd et al., 2005). Reactions and Restrictions to Innovation The reaction to Apples innovation can be divided into internal and external. The internal reaction is related to employees performance to the development and introduction of innovation. In the present case, Jobs is one of the primary stakeholders in this process of innovation development which can be suggested to restrict employees commitment to the process of innovation development. As it was already outline, innovation development is a process which requires a people management approach which stimulates employees creativity and innovativeness (Alves et al., 2007; Storey, 2000). Furthermore, especially in the case of a cumulative product and process innovation, employees need to be provided with company-wide exposure (Leede and Looise, 2005). In the present case, however, the manger of the company restricts employees involvement in multiple processes. This restricts the ability of employees to get inspired by different departments, responsibilities and ideas. This is fundamentally important to the process of idea generation and creative destruction, when old patterns and thinking habits are substituted by innovative solutions (Hospers, 2005). Another essential restriction which needs to be clearly outlined is the industrial isolation of Apple as compared to other brands. In other words, it can be suggested that Apple refrains from collaborating with other industrial players. On the one hand, this protection is needed in the cutting edge technological industry. On the other, hand, however, Apple misses out on opportunities for strategic partnerships, co-operative research and development, and industrial collaboration (Drucker, 1991). These are all essential components for the continuous and successful adoption of innovation. In other words, in order for a company to be able to produce product and process innovation it needs to have substantial exposure to the industry and market trends (Dodgson and Rothw, 1994). In this context, as it can be identified from Apples comparative industrial isolation which is product of Jobs autocracy management may result in certain long-term risks and unfavourable internal and external reactions. For example, employees motivation may decrease due to the lack of responsibility, ownership and team work to which they are exposed. This is the reason why, employees may become passively aggressive and thus cease being productive due to undermined professional morale. However, it is also important to be outlined that this operational isolation may also have impacts on the industrial competitiveness in the sector. Other technological companies may embrace a copy-cat approach and adopt Apples innovation, therefore Apple will face increasing competitiveness rather than fruitful industrial partnerships (Ettlie, 1999; Kleinknecht and Mohnen, 2002; Kotler and Keller, 2008). Strategy Development and Leadership Another important issue is the strategic development and continuous leadership approaches of the company. Apple is one of the leading providers of entertainment technological devices. The company utilises both product and process innovation which provides them with the opportunity to attract greater customers interest and stimulate customers loyalty which is essential to sustaining continuous revenue generation (Groucutt et al., 2004; Kotler and Keller, 2008). Apart from the combination of product and process innovation, it is interesting to be outlined that Apple also utilises different degrees of innovativeness. The academic literature outlines two primary degrees of innovative impact, such as radical and increment (Bessant, 2003). In this respect, the radical innovation produced by Apple can be recognised in the highly innovative devices which it produces. For example, the switch from walkman and CD player music devices to Apples iPod is radical. In the same sense it is the companys iPhone which is pioneer of the smart phones in the industry. However, this radical innovativeness is also accompanied by incremental novelty Apple produces different upgrades on the devices and new models are released each year. This type of industrial performance has highly influential marketing impact. In other words, customers are continuously engaged with Apples novel propositions and therefore their life time purchasing is extended (Hollensen, 2007). Another essential aspect of the management of the company is the leadership approach which is applied by Steve Jobs. As it was already identified, the decision-maker focuses on the management of an authoritarian approach of managing employees. This causes certain internal secrecy and business isolation. Although, secrecy may be justified as important and necessary condition to survive in the high-tech industry, business isolation cannot be recognised as a positive outcome especially in the context of innovation management (Francis and Bessant, 2005). Finally, the personal approach to management and micro-management deployed by Jobs is also another leadership choice which can be criticized. In other words, through his leadership approaches, Jobs does not promote and sustains intellectual capital within the organisation. For example, if he leaves the company all the ideas, rules, processes and perceptions will leave with him. The primary contributor to this unfavourable outcome will be the reduced engagement of employees on a company-wide level. Apple is currently one of the most innovative companies in the market but the business innovativeness needs to be continuously sustained and updated in order for the company to be able to adequately serve the needs of customers.

Newman And The English Major :: essays research papers

Newman and The English Major John Newman’s ideas of education, knowledge, and intellectual fitness are well-formed and truthful. As related to my major, English, it reveals some interesting trends and practices. Although the English major isn’t a real big money-maker, like being a lawyer or doctor, and it generally focuses on literature and creativity, the courses still concentrate on the utility of what is being learned. Although one can sometimes see the relationships between courses, and thereby understand them in respects to each other and draw some connection, this interaction is rarely stated explicitly in those courses. One of Newman’s key ideas is that liberal knowledge (knowing how to think with versatility) is necessary for the more effective and more adaptable use of particular knowledge. A class that has allowed me to think and learn in this way was ENG 3014, Theories of Literature. I took the class twice for the purpose of raising my grade; the first time with Dr. Campbell and the second time with Dr. Logan. In this class I learned various critical literary theories and how to apply them to any text, communication, or other form of expression. Although these theories are based on application, it is the application of a thought process; an analysis which can be adapted and imposed on whatever I choose, which I can choose at my leisure, not just useful in one specific situation. However, most classes only teach facts, lessons, and the direct applications for them. Even the general studies courses and survey courses are taught as thought all the knowledge taught were to be used, not knowledge to savor and help heighten the intellect or thought process. To get an Associate’s degree for example, one must fulfill certain requirements, such as â€Å"natural science.† Instead of the class being taught as a class on general knowledge, which would be insightful into the world around us, they are taught as though every student enrolled were interested in becoming a chemist or biologist, with not enough effort placed on stimulation of interest. The students who are not interested in pursuing the sciences further have no use for this â€Å"particular† information, and it is disused and forgotten. I know that there are all sorts of information that I’ve been taught but are too specific to be useful to me day-to-day and so have been forgotten. The problem is that particular knowledge is useless except in one particular realm or level of discourse.

Robinson Crusoe Critique

Filippo Volodin Robinson Crusoe And The New Middle Class Before analyzing Robinson Crusoe it is important to give a short background of the author of such an incredible novel. Daniel Defoe was born in 1660 and died in 1731 after a life of adventures and incredible experiences. He was raised to be very religious and his parents were strongly attached to the puritanism tendency that was spreading around Europe. These aspects and the strong education imposed by his parents will strongly influence Robinson Crusoe’s psychology.Furthermore, Defoe worked as a Merchant, Insurer and during his entire live he has been sent in prison several times for either small or serious issues. Having such an experience, Defoe strongly felt to be part of the New Middle class that was flourishing due to the new colonies and the economic boom of that period. In this way we can say that his personal experience, family education and the influence of the growing Middle class strongly gave to Defoe the im pulse to create a character such as Robinson Crusoe, who represents the typical New Middle Class person who can, using his brain and his talent, always succeed in life.Robinson Crusoe represents the prototype of the typical English Merchant, heartless and unceasingly looking for a profitable business to lead. This new type of figure continuously changes because of the unsatisfactory position it has in the society and always strives to find new ways to make profit. In fact, Robinson Crusoe reveals these characteristics, and his strong attachment to the religion, when he sells Xury to the Captain. He offer'd me also 60 Pieces of Eight more for my Boy Xury, which I was loath to take, not that I was not willing to let the Captain have him, but I was very loath to sell the poor Boy's Liberty, who had assisted me so faithfully in procuring my own. However when I let him know my Reason, he own’d it to be just, and offer’d me this Medium, that he would give the Boy an Obligati on to set him free in ten Years, if he turn’s Christian; upon this, and Xury saying he was willing to go to him, I let the Captain have him. † From this quotation powerfully comes out the strong education gave to Robinson Crusoe.Crusoe does not really care about Xury, even though he has served him loyally. This passage highlights the new situation of the Middle Class represented by Robinson Crusoe that championed individualism, seizing every single opportunity to have a personal profit, relying just on own powers and talents. Furthermore, agreeing on converting Xury into a Christian let us explicitly understand the importance of the Puritan education imposed to Defoe by his family with the consequent reflection of this approach on Robinson Crusoe, who just agrees after making sure that the Captain have to turn Xury into a â€Å"Good Christian†.Robinson Crusoe demonstrates to be the â€Å"new bourgeois-man† during his long stay at the isle. The island becom es the perfect field to completely release his middle class attitudes and the opportunity to show that he deserves to be saved by God’s providence. It is important to interpret properly the significant of the Island. Crusoe’s stay at the island has to be seen as the chance for Robinson Crusoe to prove his qualities controlling, manipulating and exploiting the Nature. Consequently, Crusoe starts to â€Å"recreate† the English society of the 18th Century, sticking to the Middle Class uses of efficiency and individuality.For instance, when Crusoe meets Friday he decides to impose him his way of living showing once again his necessity to impose the â€Å"English life style†. In fact, further on in the novel Robinson Crusoe teaches to Friday how to speak English and how to interpret the holy Bible. In the island comes out even the typical attachment to the Puritanism of the Middle Class represented by Robinson Crusoe who believed in the God’s Providence . Crusoe is convinced that God is the first cause of everything but he can change his destiny by acting following his brain and using his talents.To conclude, Defoe shows us a perfect hero who, following the Middle Class education and mentality, can face every problem and solving it using his brain and his talents. It is incredible how Defoe could impress in an unbelievable way the main aspects of the growing Middle Class. Like Robinson Crusoe demonstrates, and Defoe in first person firmly thinks, a person using his own skill and being always self aware of his possibility can emerge and always find a way to survive and succeed in life if he really wants and strives for that.

Disruption in Attachment

Attachments can often be disrupted between an infant and its primary caregiver and these particular children can find themselves growing up and developing outside the traditional family environment. Thus not forming attachments can have serious impacts on the development of the infant. Disruptions to attachments can take place due to the lack of physical and emotional attachment (Privation) and separation from the primary caregiver. In disruption of attachments there are long-term and short-term effects of separation.In short-term effects of separation, the infants are likely to respond to the separation from their primary attachment figure with a behaviour pattern in three stages; Protest, Despair and Detachment. Robertson and Bowlby investigated the effects of infants separated from their mothers and found that the distress felt by the infants fell into three categories (PDD). Conversely other researchers such as Barrett have argued that the childs initial response to separation is actually the effort to cope with the feelings produced due to separation.Protest is the beginning, when the child starts to cry, scream and protest with rage when the parent leaves them. The infant at this point will try to cling on to the parent and will reject all attempts by others to try and pick them up. Despair, is when the infants anger seems to have calmed down although they may still feel a little upset, the infant will lose interest in the environment around him and will again reject attempts by other people to console the infant.Lastly there is detachment, at this point if the separation has continued the infant will have started to engage with other people but may still seem cautious, they will also reject the caregiver on reunion and engage with signs of anger. The reaction to short-term was shown by Robertson’s in their study of 17 months old John who was placed in a residential nursery for nine days, where he was neither mothered by the nurses nor protected fr om other children who attacked him, eventually he became very distressed and at reunion with his mother he rejected her.A few long-term effect of separation are; separation anxiety, extreme clinginess (the child will try their best to stay with the primary caregiver as much as possible, wherever they may go), detachment (the child will refuse any physical love such as being hugged, this may be to prevent the primary caregiver from leaving next time), the child will also be more demanding of their attachment figure. On the other hand not all children respond the same ay to separation, some infants may become more stressed or less distressed than others, factors that affect the child’s response are: the age of the child, the type of attachment they share with their primary caregiver, the gender of the child, with whom the child is left with and the quality of care they receive, the infants experience of previous separations. Schaffer and Callender studied the behaviour of 76 ba bies aged between 3 and 51 weeks of age.Their findings where that the seven months showed little clinging and upsetting behaviour however between 12 and 18 months of age the strength of the infants response had increased primarily due to the fact that they may have developed the idea that their primary attachment figure always returns. A securely attached child has a higher chance of coping with separation than an insecure-ambivalent type. Lastly, boys seem to react more strongly to separation than girls.A small number of children experience privation, which is the lack of any attachment at all in their early childhood development. The two types of studies carried out in order to inform us about the severe effects of privation are; case studies of infants who have been brought up in very bad conditions where they were also unable to form any attachments, and the studies of children who have been raised in institutionalised care.Koluchova reported a case study of twin boys who were b orn in Czechoslovakia and brought up in care soon after their mother had died and their father and step-mother had inhumanely treated them, they were severely malnourished, when they were discovered they had no speech and they were also beaten and starved in an unheated cellar away from human activity, this caused them extreme health conditions. They were later adopted by two sisters and gained average intelligence, they attended a mainstream school and there early damage had been repaired with no cognitive issues.Case studies can raise a major ethical issue of making the children who were involved feel as if they were just part of a psychological experiment and were used merely as objects of research, later on in life. Case studies may not always appear accurate, because digging up the past of the participants and concluding from case study research may not always be accurate. However in natural experiment this issue is overcome foe example: Tizard and Hodges study of the long-term effects of emotional privation.Institutionalisation refers to the various behavioural patterns of children who have been raised in institutions, orphanages and children’s care homes. Tizard and Hodges carried out a natural experiment where 65 children were brought up in a children’s home until they were four. For this period of time the children and staff were prohibited from forming attachments with one another, only so the children would not get upset if the person left. Due to the lack of attachment the children did not show fear of strangers, they ran to any adult that entered and cried when they left.This behaviour pattern is known as a disinhibited attachment. When the babies were restored, adopted or remained in the children’s home they were given (participants, teachers, peers, parents etc. ) assessments to complete via questionnaires or interviews. Tizard and Hodges found that the adopted group formed stronger bonds with their parents than the restored infants. This may have been because the restored children felt neglected. The restored children also had worse relationship with their siblings.Nonetheless, all three groups formed very weak peer to peer relationships. The study uses a range of research methods to collect information which is very beneficial for a final conclusion. One major disadvantage of a longitudinal study is the problem of participant attrition, and this was also a problem for Tizard and Hodges research. Ethical issues involved high sensitivity when it came to family relationships and the researchers had to make sure they were extremely cautious during the follow up interviews.They also had to make sure that the participants were in no pressure to continue with the research. In spite of the severe effects of institutionalisation and privation, if infants are removed at six months such as the Romanian orphans (Rutter et al study) tend to make better developmental progress. Children are able to recover from the se only if they are placed under a loving and caring environment after institutionalisation/ privation and they need an opportunity to form a strong bond with an adult who provides them with sufficient attention.